Uzbekistan - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 4. 1. Located in Central Asia, it is a secular, unitaryconstitutional republic, comprising 1. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Tajikistan to the southeast; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest. What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the predominantly Persian- speaking region of Transoxiana, with cities such as Samarkand growing rich from the Silk Road. ![]() ![]() The area was later conquered by a succession of invaders including the Arab Caliphate and Turkic states such as the G. The city of Shahrisabz was the birthplace of Timur. The region was conquered in the early 1. Eastern Turkic- speaking nomads, and was gradually incorporated into the Russian Empire during the 1. In 1. 92. 4, the constituent republic of the Soviet Union known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR) was created. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, it declared independence as the Republic of Uzbekistan on 3. August 1. 99. 1 (officially celebrated the following day). Uzbekistan has a diverse cultural heritage due to its storeyed history and strategic location. Its official language is Uzbek, a Turkic language written in the Latin alphabet and spoken natively by approximately 8. Russian has widespread use; it is the most widely taught second language. Uzbeks constitute 8. ![]() The 2017–18 season is Football Club Internazionale Milano's 86th consecutive season in the top-flight of Italian football. The side will compete only in domestic. Steam Hardware & Software Survey: July 2017. Steam conducts a monthly survey to collect data about what kinds of computer hardware and software our customers are using. Russians (5. 4%), Tajiks (4. Kazakhs (3. 0%), and others (6. A majority of Uzbeks are non- denominational Muslims. While officially a democratic republic. Despite the declared objective of transition to a market economy, its government continues to maintain economic controls which imports in favour of domestic . It is the 5. 6th largest country in the world by area and the 4. It stretches 1,4. Bordering Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the north and northwest, Turkmenistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest Central Asian states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than 1. Afghanistan to the south. Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country. It is one of two doubly landlocked countries in the world (that is, a country completely surrounded by landlocked countries), the other being Liechtenstein. In addition, due to its location within a series of endorheic basins, none of its rivers lead to the sea. Less than 1. 0% of its territory is intensively cultivated irrigated land in river valleys and oases. The rest is vast desert (Kyzyl Kum) and mountains. The average summer high temperature tends to be 4. However, decades of questionable Soviet policies in pursuit of greater cotton production have resulted in a catastrophic scenario with the agricultural industry being the main contributor to the pollution and devastation of both air and water in the country. Reliable, or even approximate data, have not been collected, stored or provided by any organization or official agency. Much of the water was and continues to be used for the irrigation of cotton fields, a crop requiring a large amount of water to grow. The bulk of the nation's water resources is used for farming, which accounts for nearly 8. Heavy use of pesticides and fertilizers for cotton growing further aggravates soil pollution. Chlorite and limestone, Bactria, beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The first people known to have inhabited Central Asia were Iranian nomads who came from the northern grasslands of what is now Uzbekistan, sometime in the first millennium BC; when these nomads settled in the region they built an extensive irrigation system along the rivers. Using an extensive network of cities and rural settlements in the province of Mouwaurannahr (a name given the region after the Arab conquest) in Uzbekistan, and further east in what is today China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Soghdian intermediaries became the wealthiest of these Iranian merchants. As a result of this trade on what became known as the Silk Route, Bukhara and Samarkand eventually became extremely wealthy cities, and at times Transoxiana (Mawarannahr) was one of the most influential and powerful Persian provinces of antiquity. A conquest was supposedly of little help to Alexander as popular resistance was fierce, causing Alexander's army to be bogged down in the region that became the northern part of the Hellenistic Greco- Bactrian Kingdom. The kingdom was replaced with the Yuezhi dominated Kushan Empire in the 1st century BC. For many centuries the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by the Persian empires, including the Parthian and Sassanid Empires, as well as by other empires, for example those formed by the Turko- Persian Hephthalite and Turkic Gokturk peoples. In the 8th century, Transoxiana, the territory between the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers, was conquered by the Arabs (Ali ibn Sattor) who enriched the region with the Early Renaissance. Many notable scientists lived there and contributed to its development during the Islamic Golden Age. Among the achievements of the scholars during this period were the development of trigonometry into its modern form (simplifying its practical application to calculate the phases of the moon), advances in optics, in astronomy, as well as in poetry, philosophy, art, calligraphy and many others, which set the foundation for the Muslim Renaissance. Later, Transoxiana saw the incursion of the Turkic- ruled Karakhanids, as well as the Seljuks (Sultan Sanjar) and Kara- Khitans. The Mongol invasion of Central Asia led to the displacement of some of the Iranian- speaking people of the region, their culture and heritage being superseded by that of the Mongolian- Turkic peoples who came thereafter. The invasions of Bukhara, Samarkand, Urgench and others resulted in mass murders and unprecedented destruction, such as portions of Khwarezmia being completely razed.
![]() ![]() The highest point in Uzbekistan is the Khazret Sultan, at 4,643 metres (15,233 ft) above sea level, in the southern part of the Gissar Range in Surkhandarya Province. L'HIV deriva dal relativo virus di immunodeficienza delle scimmie (SIV), che infetta alcuni primati in Africa. Vi sono prove che gli esseri umani che partecipano ad. Despite the potential for serious fragmentation, the Mongol law of the Mongol Empire maintained orderly succession for several more generations, and control of most of Transoxiana stayed in the hands of the direct descendants of Chagatai Khan, the second son of Genghis Khan. Orderly succession, prosperity, and internal peace prevailed in the Chaghatai lands, and the Mongol Empire as a whole remained a strong and united kingdom (Ulus Batiy, Sattarkhan). After decline of Golden Horde, Khwarezm was briefly ruled by Sufi Dynasty till Timur's conquest of it in 1. The Chaghatai territory was disrupted as the princes of various tribal groups competed for influence. One tribal chieftain, Timur (Tamerlane). Although he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, Timur became the de facto ruler of Transoxiana and proceeded to conquer all of western Central Asia, Iran, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and the southern steppe region north of the Aral Sea. He also invaded Russia before dying during an invasion of China in 1. By supporting such people, he imbued his empire with a rich Perso- Islamic culture. During his reign and the reigns of his immediate descendants, a wide range of religious and palatial construction masterpieces were undertaken in Samarqand and other population centres. It was during the Timurid dynasty that Turkic, in the form of the Chaghatai dialect, became a literary language in its own right in Transoxiana, although the Timurids were Persianate in nature. The greatest Chaghataid writer, Ali- Shir Nava'i, was active in the city of Herat (now in northwestern Afghanistan) in the second half of the 1. The chronic internal fighting of the Timurids attracted the attention of the Uzbek nomadic tribes living to the north of the Aral Sea. In 1. 50. 1 the Uzbek forces began a wholesale invasion of Transoxiana. There were 2. 10,3. Russians living in Uzbekistan in 1. A second, less intensive phase followed the Bolshevik Revolution of 1. At the start of the 1. British India and the outlying regions of Tsarist Russia. Much of the land between was unmapped. By the beginning of 1. Central Asia was firmly in the hands of Russia and, despite some early resistance to the Bolsheviks, Uzbekistan and the rest of the Central Asia became a part of the Soviet Union. On 2. 7 October 1. Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic was created. From 1. 94. 1 to 1. World War II, 1,4. Uzbekistan fought in the Red Army against Nazi Germany. A number also fought on the German side. As many as 2. 63,0. Uzbek soldiers died in the battlefields of the Eastern Front, and 3. On 3. 1 August 1. Uzbekistan declared independence after the failed coup attempt in Moscow. September was proclaimed the National Independence Day. The Soviet Union was dissolved on 2. December of that year. Islam Karimov, ruler of Uzbekistan since independence, died on 2 September 2. In that year, the Supreme Soviet was replaced by the Oliy Majlis. The third elections for the bicameral 1. Oliy Majlis, the Legislative Chamber, and the 1. Senate for five- year terms, were held on 2. December 2. 00. 9. The second elections were held in December 2. January 2. 00. 5. The Oliy Majlis was unicameral up to 2. Its size increased from 6. The referendum passed, and Islam Karimov's term was extended by an act of parliament to December 2. Most international observers refused to participate in the process and did not recognize the results, dismissing them as not meeting basic standards. The 2. 00. 2 referendum also included a plan for a bicameral parliament consisting of a lower house (the Oliy Majlis) and an upper house (Senate). Members of the lower house are to be . Elections for the new bicameral parliament took place on 2. December. Human rights. Uzbekistan continuously improves its laws and institutions in order to create a more humane society. Over 3. 00 laws regulating the rights and basic freedoms of the people have been passed by the parliament. For instance, an office of Ombudsman was established in 1. It has also been reported that forced sterilization of rural Uzbek women has been sanctioned by the government.
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